Anorexia The Cheating Disorder, by Richard Murphy

â€Å"Anorexia: The Cheating Disorder† by Richard Murphy discusses two instances the author was suspicious of students plagiarizing their work, as well as the damage plagiarism can cause to everyone involved. Murphy was an associate English professor at Radford University (898) and has experienced many attempts at plagiarism, describing it as â€Å"a thin wood splinter in the edge of one’s thumb† (899). That feeling is irritating and can’t be ignored until it is removed, so the author is obsessive about discovering the sources of plagiarism. While his thesis that when plagiarism occurs there is a disconnect in the relationship between student and professor is true, his incessant drive to unearth the truth at the expense of understanding every†¦show more content†¦The second story the author discusses is starkly different from that of the Anorexia paper, and makes an example of the type of trouble plagiarism can cause in an institution and those involved in it. In this instance, a male student submits a paper discussing the assigned topic in such a way that triggers the suspicions of the professor. Murphy eventually discovers the true origin of the paper, only to find the student had gone so far as to cut out the evidence from the book. Many denials and meetings later he was â€Å"Within the week . . . suspended from the University.† (900). An academic career over, and a weakening of a professors already tenuous ability to trust in his students, were all this case resulted in. Academic dishonesty, plagiarism, wastes the time of everyone involved. It wastes the time of the student because they aren’t learning anything. It wastes the time of the professor who has to search for the original sources of the plagiarized works. And it wastes the time of the committee formed to decide the fate of the student. The author mentions several times his distaste for having to search: â€Å"Though I should not have had time to play detective, I made room among all the duties of my life to pursue this student.† (900). Murphy was disappointed in his own inability to drop the case, needing to follow it to it’s conclusion despite his busy

Social Work An Empowering Profession - 1331 Words

Social work is a profession that is dedicated to helping individuals, families, groups, and communities to enhance their collective and individual well-being. The NASW Code of Ethics states, â€Å"The primary mission of the social work profession is to enhance human well-being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty† (National Association of Social Workers, 2008). The concern of human needs and human strengths is the mission of the social work profession. The social work profession exists because of human needs and then human strengths are used to develop solutions. Social work has several goals that help define the purpose of social work. Social workers strive to enhance people’s capacities to resolve problems, cope, and function effectively. They also help to link their clients with needed resources and to improve the social service delivery method. Lastly, they promote social justice through the development of social policy. Social work is an empowering profession because it advocates for personal growth and an understanding about the nature of oppression. Tricia B. Bent-Goodley wrote in her article, Social Work: A Profession of Power, Passion, and Purpose, â€Å"It all starts with our fundamental belief in the purpose of our profession, the passion that motivates us, and the power we choose to rely on to support change at each level: micro, mezzo, andShow MoreRelatedHuman Service Organizations : An Exploratory Study By Vicki Wallach And Charles W. Mueller988 Words   |  4 PagesMueller (2006). Having work environments that cultivate an empowered work force is vital. As well as, advocating for effective interactions with clients, co-workers, and staff. Although, human service organizations are faced with service obligations within the restrictions of limited financial resources and increasing job demands, they are still interested in empowerment (Wallach Mueller, 2006, p. 96). Human service organizations have central reasons to be focused on their work force empowerment.Read MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Social Work Practice And Educational Need1322 Words   |  6 Pagesrelation to social work practice and educational need. One of my strongest strengths as a social worker is patience. It helps me to persevere enthusiastically towards conquering goals and objectives when assisting my clients. Patience keeps alive the objective in mind to meet. Physical or psychological exhaustion only reaffirms the importance of patience. For that reason, it’s important to be patience with what we start out with the aim of clients’ benefit. An additional strength as a social workerRead MoreWomen Empowerment1112 Words   |  5 Pages The Drawbacks And Benefits Of Empowering Women Abstract This essay will examine the advantages and disadvantages of empowering women so that they can hold other positions apart from their traditional ones. Firstly, it will consider the disadvantages of women empowerment mainly in terms with economical and social stand in the general society. And all of which has proven it’s drawbacks when the pressure of women empowerment transpires. Consequently, it will discuss the benefits of women empowermentRead MorePersonal Statement On Social Work1740 Words   |  7 Pagesworking with people. While many love helping people, empowering them at the same time is my ultimate goal. Throughout this essay, I hope to show how vital it is for me to obtain a Masters in Social Work. I will be doing this by presenting my experience and relationships that have influenced my selection of the social work career, my understanding of the responsibilities of the profession, my role and responsibilities that I assume in the profession, my reasons for selectin g the program and thoughtsRead MoreEvaluation Of The Field Supervisor s Role896 Words   |  4 PagesKadushin and Harkness. (2002 p.23) define supervision in social work as â€Å"the process of overseeing, directing, coordinating, enhancing, and evaluating the on-the-job performance of workers for whom the supervisor is responsible.† The field supervisor’s role is to guide and assist the student as they learn to implement the theory and skills learned through their academic studies. The supervisor and student form a working partnership whereas each utilize this placement to enhance their levels of expertiseRead MoreThe Value Of Social Workers Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagessociety and believes that social workers should not treat every individual the same but treat individuals based on their personal circumstances. Individuals’ culture and structural levels should be taken into account. Social workers must use a principle of Social Justice to work towards change that already exists in society by representing and empowering individuals to have a voice and to challenge discrimination. This can be achieved when social workers and individuals work in partnership. IndividualsRead MoreArgumentative Essay : Generalist Social Work Practice1192 Words   |  5 PagesPosition Paper Two: Generalist Social Wor k Practice Dating back to the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century two women who impacted the field of social work and its beginning were Jane Addams and Mary Richmond. These two ladies pioneered something that later became one of the most influential evidence based practices that has helped to bring social justice and social support to communities, individuals, and groups. The area of social work later developed the generalistRead MoreOutline Of Historical Views On Child Welfare Workforce And Nasw Standards994 Words   |  4 PagesStandards Provide an overview of historical views on children and identify how this will impact your role in empowering families, protecting children from maltreatment, and engaging in ethical decision making as a child welfare worker. Historically, children were viewed very differently than they are today. Adults thought of children as being seen and not heard. Children were expected to work in textile factories or as chimney sweeps in order to provide for their families. They did not have rightsRead MoreTakinga Look at Social Workers989 Words   |  4 Pagesto be successful in life. If the world didn’t have professions that required helping others, humans would never be able to learn from mistakes and promote social change. Social work is a profession that requires helping others. Not everyone can be a social worker, and those who are fortunate enough to be a social worker have the opportunity to learn something new about others every day. Social work is an empowering profession. It is a profession that inspires hard working, talented, and dedicatedRead MoreReflection On Social Work1130 Words   |  5 PagesSocial work as a whole incorporates several theories and practices that deal with empowering and liberating individuals to improve well-being. Using these theoretical approaches has been helpful in addressing the social systems and providing interventions that allow individuals to interact with their environment. It has been a year and a half since I have been engaged in the process of growth and change. This semester has been a great learning experience, but in every semester, I learned new ways

Globalization Free Essays

Q1: Define Globalization 1.0, 2.0, 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now 0 and provide a sample of the type of business data managers collected during each era. Globalization 1.0 started in 1492 when Columbus set sail and lasted until about 1800. As it’s in our book, in this era countries dominated by white men controlled businesses, mainly about governments and countries. The various colonizing peoples were concerned about the extent of their individual power and the best way to extend their influence. The power of individual nations began to be felt in many places on the globe. Sample data during this era would be what politicians are mainly interested in. as a business owner, data mainly about demand of product in particular region (as its the time before global market). Globalization 2.0 started in 1800 during the industrial revolution and lasted until 2000. This era was about multinational companies. During this era international companies ran by white men had power over business. Data collection in this era would be like demand of product, raw materials needed, labor needed to manufacture the product etc. Globalization 3.0 started in 2000 and is continuing through this day. This third era is all about the world coming closer together, becoming something like a global village. we all have become part of global market, businesses are ran over the internet. In this era people of all colors from all parts of the world dominate business. Data collection is this era is very different and broad. we are now part of this era which is part of the global economy, businesses have customers across the world, and have systems that can collect data about overseas customers demands. Companies have manufacturing plants and offices in different parts of the world and are still well connected via internet. Q2: Explain Friedman’s flat world and the reasons it is important for all businesses, small or large, to understand. Friedman says that the world is integrating and growing smaller at an accelerated pace. In a sense, he says, integration is the main point of understanding globalization. He believes, not many Americans understand what has happened to bring about an integrated world seemingly overnight. It’s important for all businesses whether small or large, to understand Friedman’s point of view because it will help them understand the economy and that the business world is changing every day. It is important to understand these changes to run the  businesses successfully. Q3: Demonstrate how students competing for jobs in a â€Å"flat world† can create competitive advantages to differentiate themselves in the marketplace. Students can create competitive advantage by studying hard, getting the best grades, getting their foot in the door at the right job, staying in touch with the business world etc. It’s important to bring the competitive advantage by gaining experience and coming up with new ideas that can help the company they work for. Competitive advantage is what sets one different from the other. Students should remember what sets them different from other candidates and work hard to polish those skills. Q4: Analyze the current business environment and identify a new flattener not mentioned on Friedman’s list. One thing not mentioned in Friedman’s list is the idea of Christianity and Business. After taking the Christianity in Business class and learning the idea of ‘Kingdom Business† I think that this concept will be very beneficial in the Business world today. Q5: Propose a plan for how a start-up company can use any of Porter’s strategy to combat competition in a global world. After reading Porter’s strategies i realized that following these critical points can help a business run smoothly and successfully. As we are discussing business startup, i’d like to talk about â€Å"Choosing a business focus.† From the very beginning, its important to have business focus, which then makes it easier what business is about what is the target market etc. This should be the first step. This can then become a specialty of that business and give the company competitive advantage which will set them different from competitors. Q6: Argue for or against the following statement: â€Å"The world is not flat (in Friedman’s sense of the term) because many undeveloped countries are not connected electronically. I personally don’t agree to it, after studying the 10 flatteners I think Friedman is right, the world is flat. Everyone is connected; internet is in every part of the world. Im from Pakistan where even farmers, construction workers, no matter what society level one belongs  to, everyone has a cell phone. Access to computer and internet is easy and accessible due to internet cafes. People are in touch with the world and business around the world, they can get data of whatever information they need right on their cell phones, from TV, radio, internet (at home of internet cafe). Business information is available to anyone and everyone. because of internet, we all have become part of the global economy and the information is just a click away. Now we are at a point that we don’t even know what next revolution/Flattener could be. Sometimes i think there has been so much revolution is there any room left for more? What will be next? Q1: Define the three types of decision making systems, and explain how Obama’s campaign team used them to win votes. The three main decision making essentials are, operational, managerial and strategic. â€Å"At operational level, employees develop, control, and maintain core business activities required to run the day to day operations. Operational decisions are considered structured decisions.† â€Å"At managerial level employees are continuously evaluating company operations to hone the firm’s abilities to identify, adapt to, and leverage change.† â€Å"At strategic level, managers develop overall business strategies, goals, and objectives as part of the company’s strategic plan.† Obama and his team used these strategies and all the available tools wisely. They not only used computers and internet for networking and fund raising but also relied on decision support systems to identify potential swing voters. Q2: Describe the difference between transactional and analytical information, and determine which types of Spotlight Analysis used to identify 10 tribes. Analytical information helps the organization to analyze the data. For example, a trend of purchase price of a raw material is an example of analytical information. Analytical information might ultimately end up generating a transaction decision but the main purpose of the analytical information is to help the organization analyze the data. Whereas transactional information is an information which help to take a decision in the current transaction. Based on a bad quality sample, the organization may decide to discard a production run altogether. The decisions based on transaction information is short term and immediate and alter the flow of  the transaction. The presidential candidates and their teams used political micro-targeting to analyze the data and its details. Q3: Illustrate the business process model used to identify the 10 tribes. After reading the opening case and learning about the two business process model, i think the â€Å"To-be† model process is used to identify the 10 tribes. Q4: Explain business process reengineering and how Obama’s team used it to develop political micro-targeting Business process re-engineering is the analysis and design of workflows and processes within an organization. Re-engineering is the basis for many recent developments in management. Obama’s team carefully monitored contested states and congressional districts. Obama’s team used Spotlight analysis, a Democratic consultancy to analyze data. They changed their pattern once they realize that the data they were getting wasn’t as accurate. Changing the plan helped the team to get accurate data needed for successful campaign. Q5: Formulate different metrics the Obama team used to measure the success of the political micro targeting. The Obama team used the generation factor of age along and demographics of certain areas of the country towards his advantage like a return investment. The voters were closer to his age and would be the ones who helped to run the government in the future and would be around for a while. This is one way that Obama’s political team used micro-targeting. Q6: Argue for or against the following statement: Political micro targeting signals the dehumanization of politics. After reading the text I believe that Political micro-targeting does not signal the dehumanization of politics. I think it is a great idea to utilize information in a way that can help candidates and political parties understand voters and voting trends that can easily swing their votes. It takes advantage of the information and data available (perhaps through data mining) to help with the campaign. However this is a new concept and I think this should be experimented with and further research and surveys need to be done to see how people feel about this. How to cite Globalization, Papers Globalization Free Essays Introduction Globalization is not a single concept that can be defined and encompassed within a set time frame, nor is it a process that can be defined clearly with a beginning and an end. Furthermore, it cannot be expounded upon with certainty and be applicable to all people and in all situations. Globalization involves economic integration; the transfer of policies across borders; the transmission of knowledge; cultural stability; the reproduction, relations, and discourses of power; it is a global process, a concept, a revolution, and â€Å"an establishment of the global market free from sociopolitical control. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Globalization encompasses all of these things. It is a concept that has been defined variously over the years, with some connotations referring to progress, development and stability, integration and cooperation, and others referring to regression, colonialism, and destabilization. Despite these challenges, this term brings with it a multitude of hidden agendas. An individual’s political ideology, geographic location, social status, cultural background, and ethnic and religious affiliation provide the background that determines how globalization is interpreted. In 1995, Martin Khor, President of the Third World Network in Malaysia, referred to globalization as colonization. Concurrently, Swedish journalist Thomas Larsson, in his book The Race to the Top, The Real Story of Globalization (2001) stated that globalization: â€Å"Is the process of world shrinkage, of distances getting shorter, things moving closer it pertains to the increasing ease with which somebody on one side of the world can interact, to mutual benefit, with somebody on the other side of the world† â€Å"Globalization is a process that encompasses the causes, course, and consequences of transnational and transcultural integration of human and non-human activities’’. Economic globalization Economic globalization takes many forms. It may involve trade between individuals or businesses in one country with those of another. Globalization of this sort is as old as recorded history. Ancient coastal tribes traded with those in the mountains and deserts, each gaining prized goods they could not otherwise have enjoyed. Today, we take for granted the fact that much of what we consume or use originated elsewhere, often in a strange foreign land. Or businesses may decide to produce their products not only at home but also in other countries, either to evade the tariffs or quotas of countries where they wish to sell their products, or to cut their costs of production by, say, hiring cheaper labor. Then globalization involves the bundling together of financial capital, technology, and other strategic inputs in order to transfer them as direct foreign investment (hereafter, direct investment) in another country. Direct investment implies control over the assets transferred abroad. Foreign investments that don’t involve control are called foreign portfolio equity investments (hereafter, portfolio investment). They are more likely to be made by financial institutions or investors like pension funds, insurance companies or investment trusts, which are interested only in a return on their investments commensurate with the risks they are taking. If returns fall or risks rise, portfolio investment is much less dependable than direct investment as a source of longer-term finance for a country’s development. The activities of transnational corporations are a still deeper form of globalization. They coordinate their activities with many entities throughout the world, producing in many places with complex networks of production and finance. This form of globalization has recently been named â€Å"alliance capitalism,† in order to stress the growing importance of strategic alliances between business entities, as businesses search for ways to protect their competitive advantages and global market positions. Governments also compete for economic advantage globally. They often support private research and development activities, finance worker retraining, protect the environment, and promote inter-firm alliances. When governments decide it is in their interest to cooperate rather than compete, they may form supranational organizations, like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Trade Organization (WTO), or less formal regional bodies, in order to achieve shared objectives, e. g. stable macroeconomic conditions, more growth through trade, or â€Å"market-friendly† economies. Globalization trends * Rapid growth of trade Since the Second World War, trade between nations of goods and services has grown much faster than world economic output, primarily for three reasons. First, rapid improvements in transportation and communications made it easier and cheaper to reach new markets. The cost of a three-minute telephone call between New York and London, for example, has falle n from $55 (in 2002 dollars) in 1950 to less than $1 today. Second, successive rounds of tariff negotiations have virtually eliminated border barriers among developed countries, and many less developed countries have unilaterally reduced their tariffs and quotas, even without prodding from the IMF or World Bank. Third, processing trade – trade that involves goods whose components cross borders more than once before reaching final buyers – expanded rapidly. An F-140 Ford truck is assembled from parts originating in at least forty-five countries. Trade is widespread for almost all nations, and its importance is rising virtually everywhere. A quick review of the labels in one’s clothing is a good reminder of the pervasiveness of trade. Trade between nations also has been transformed in recent years, from transactions over which national governments exercise significant control – international trade, if you will – to a form of globalized trade engineered and managed by large, dominant transnational corporations – transnational trade. Well over one-third of all US imports and exports, for example, take place between the divisions and subsidiaries of the same company. This distinction is important for the reason that it signals a transfer of power and control away from national governments that, for all their failures, can be influenced by the general public. Transnational corporations, on the other hand, are not set up to serve others than their stockholders. * Even faster growth of foreign direct investment By latest count, there are at least 39,000 transnational corporations owning production facilities outside their home country. Direct investments by these large firms, which are growing more than twice as fast as trade, are probably the best indicators of the growth of deep cross-border economic integration. In fact, worldwide sales of the foreign subsidiaries of transnational enterprises now exceed the value of all internationally traded goods. Most direct investment decision-makers are in the leading industrial countries, although investment decisions by firms in developing countries like South Korea, Taiwan and Brazil are increasing quite rapidly. The largest 100 transnational corporations (excluding those in banking and finance) are estimated to control about one-third of the assets held by transnational corporations abroad. Foreign direct investment also is a primary means of transferring technology across borders. In this case, the technology is transferred within the firm, where it becomes part of the investing firm’s significant and continuing financial stake in the success of a foreign affiliate. It, too, has been growing rapidly – by some measures even faster than trade; but its growth has been concentrated in relatively few large firms with strong technological and brand-name assets. * The flood of portfolio investment across borders Encouraged by â€Å"market friendly† policies of developing countries – policies often imposed on debtor nations by the International Monetary Fund – individual investors, pension plans and mutual funds increased their stakes five-fold in the equity shares and bonds of third world companies in the early 1990s. Such rapid growth contrasted sharply with the experience of the 1980s when equity investments were rare and many poor countries staggered under the weight of the debts they owed to outsiders. But by 1997, equity investors suddenly began to reassess the risks of their exposure, and the Asian crisis was born. In retrospect, the flow of portfolio investments was too fast to be absorbed into productive activities. It created bubbles in stock and real estate prices and encouraged luxury consumption that gave the illusion of prosperity unrelated to real increases in productivity. The faster portfolio investments flowed into Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, South Korea, and Hong Kong, the faster money was sucked out of the productive sector to join the speculation. When investors finally sensed their risk, they rushed to pull their money out. Hence, the flood of portfolio investments reversed direction by the end of 1997, ushering in severe recessions in many countries from which few have fully recovered. Or consider the Russian crisis of 1998, the Brazilian crises of 1999 and 2002, and the ongoing Argentine crisis, all of them aggravated by fickle changes n the attitudes toward risk and reward of foreign investors. A rumor can trigger a self-fulfilling speculative attack, e. g. on a currency, that may even be baseless and far removed from the economic fundamentals. This can cause a sudden shift in the herd’s intentions and lead to unanticipated market movements that create severe financial crises. (For deeper analysis of the financial aspects of globaliz ation, see the essay on â€Å"Casino Capitalism†) * The proliferation of business alliances Cross-border agreements between firms based in different countries have become increasingly important complements to traditional trade and direct investment activities, with the range of such agreements growing ever wider. Their rapid growth since about 1985 is explained by the fact that technological changes are becoming more deeply science-based and that in some fields – notably information technology – few (if any) large firms are any longer capable of generating all the research needed to remain competitive. Thus, many transnational corporations have been driven to mutual sharing of knowledge about new technologies, production processes and distribution techniques with others. A flurry of mergers and acquisitions in the late 1990s, boosted direct investment flows substantially, despite a slowdown in global economic activity. * The institutions of globalization As transnational trade and investment soared in the last fifteen years, so, too, did the regulatory machinery for assuring their continued growth. During this period, the World Trade Organization emerged as the dominant arbiter of trade; the IMF was transformed into a bank of last resort; the IMF and the World Bank sorted out their respective roles in deeply indebted countries; the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) negotiated a Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) designed to restrict a nation’s ability to regulate foreign investment; and the sophistication of business alliances between dominant corporate players metastasized throughout the multinational business community. The Benefits of Globalization Globalization has led to growing competition on a global basis. While some fear competition, there are many beneficial effects of competition that can increase production or efficiency. Competition and the widening of markets can lead to specialization and the division of labor, as discussed by Adam Smith and other classical economists writing on the benefits of a market system. Specialization and the division of labor, with their implications for increases in production, now exist not just in a nation but also on a worldwide basis. Other beneficial effects include the economies of scale and scope that can potentially lead to reductions in costs and prices and are conducive to continuing economic growth. Other benefits of globalization include the gains from trade in which both parties gain in a mutually beneficial exchange where the â€Å"parties† can be individuals, firms and other organizations, nations, trading blocs, continents or other entities. Globalization can also result in increased productivity as a result of the rationalization of production on a global scale and the spread of technology and competitive pressures for continual innovation on a worldwide basis. The Costs of Globalization Globalization also has its costs, and these must be weighed along with its benefits in order to assess its true consequences. As growth of the world economy sputtered and disillusionment over the advantages of privatization grew during the last few years, the costs of globalization became more apparent. Competitive pressures and more market-oriented policies create pockets of unemployment not easily corrected in the short-run. The structural changes causing unemployment tend to exaggerate the differences between those with the education, skills, and mobility to flourish in an unfettered world market, such as the owners of capital, highly skilled workers, and many professionals, and those without such attributes. Globalization has a way of eroding the bargaining power of groups that cannot move, leading to greater instability in their earnings and hours worked. The apparent â€Å"losers,† unlike the highly skilled â€Å"winners,† are made increasingly anxious about their place in an integrated world economy, whether they are blue-collar workers in textile factories in the southern US or subsistence farmers in Mindanao. The best evidence of this is found in growing income inequalities. The gap between rich and poor countries has long been the major source of inequality among people of the world. Somewhat surprisingly, this gap has closed slightly over the past couple of decades. Income distribution within countries, on the other hand, has widened rapidly, and this has had a deleterious effect on many parts of the world. Almost everywhere in the west, despite â€Å"social safety nets,† the youngest, poorest and least educated are significantly worse off than their counterparts were twenty years ago. Many poor countries also are becoming less egalitarian in the face of globalization. The rural poor, especially the smallholders and the landless of Asia and Latin America, are being ruthlessly dispossessed and displaced. What forms of globalization are responsible for these disruptive changes in the markets for workers? Many people blame the changes in more developed countries on competition from low-wage countries. Most economists, however, blame the losses of lower-skilled workers on technological changes (e. g. , computerization) that are biased against the demand for low-skilled labor. While both of these reasons no doubt have contributed to the widening of income-gaps within countries, the much larger reason appears to be the dramatic policy changes described as â€Å"liberalization† that commenced at the end of the 1970s. In the richer countries, these changes included a move from macroeconomic policies that tried to control the levels of aggregate demand (Keynesian policies) toward ones that tried to control money supplies (monetarist policies), and a shift from state-provided welfare toward pay-as-you-go social services. At the same time, the public provision of basic services such as water and electricity, frequently at subsidized prices, has been replaced by privatized providers at â€Å"economic† prices; industrial interventionism and labor protection have given way to laissez-faire; and tax systems whose major purpose was to correct inequalities have been transformed into systems mainly intended to promote incentives and economic efficiency. There were parallel changes for developing countries, where policy was subject to the same paradigmatic shifts largely as a result of the influence of the richer countries, most directly through conditions mposed by the IMF and the World Bank. When in the 1980s many developing countries no longer could generate sufficient income to meet their debt obligations, they were faced with the choice of retreating into complete economic Isolation or seizing the life-line thrown them by the IMF and the World Bank – a life-line composed of â€Å"stabiliza tion† and â€Å"structural adjustment† loans available only if they agreed to far-reaching and â€Å"market friendly† changes in national economic policies. These stabilization and structural adjustment programs took scarce economic resources away from other possible uses by poor countries. Consider, for example, the costs of implementing western financial codes and standards, one of many requirements to be met. Here the choice for countries starved for development was between training more bank auditors and accountants in order to meet the standards of financial liberalization, and using these resources, say, to hire more secondary-school teachers or boost spending levels for the primary education of girls. These programs seem to hit the poor the hardest, with the urban working class particularly at risk. Globalization also creates conflicts between governments over domestic social priorities and the social institutions that embody them. Indeed, it is precisely the convergence of the policies just mentioned that has forced countries into what Thomas Friedman calls a â€Å"golden strait-jacket† but others call a â€Å"toxic straight-jacket† – a standardization of policies world-wide that vastly narrows the ability of single countries to honor their more unique political and cultural preferences. In Friedman’s terms, â€Å"your economy grows but your politics shrink. † Deviate too far from the new globalization rules and a country soon will see its investors stampede away, interest rates rise and stock market prices fall. Put another way, the argument against unrestricted global freedom of trade and movements of financial capital is not primarily an economic one. Rather, it is that the economy should serve the needs of society, not society the imperatives of the market. There is not much doubt that free markets are the most economically efficient type of capitalism. For most economists that ends the matter. Yet what â€Å"social market economies† do, like those of Japan and most of Europe, is in no sense irrational. Policies in those countries to maintain social cohesion are just as important as efficiency in the allocation of scarce resources. Consider, for example, the struggle the European Community has had over the harmonization of policies on employment, welfare, immigration, and competition in order to create a common market and a common currency and to remain internationally competitive. In Japan, large corporations have started to dismantle the post-war practice of providing lifetime employment, one of Japan’s most distinctive social institutions, in order to adapt to the pressures of globalization. In South Korea, labor unions have taken to the streets to protest the government’s relaxation of firing restrictions. And Latin America countries are competing with each other to liberalize trade, deregulate their economies, and privatize public enterprises. Efforts by developed countries in North America and Europe to â€Å"harmonize† labor standards are motivated only in part by the fear in developed countries of losing jobs to workers earning much less in developing countries. International labor standards have become a point of contention in trade disputes not only for economic reasons, but also because low wages and weak safety standards abroad violate the human rights of workers. The US and others are finding it increasingly difficult to negotiate worker protections for the charters of multinational institutions like the World Trade Organization. The failure of the WTO meeting in Seattle in December, 1999, was more the result of this policy straight-jacket than of the violent protests in the streets. Disagreements also are rising over the environmental consequences of globalization. Because pollution is generated most often by industrialization, the countries that are soon becoming the most industrialized, like China, Brazil, and India, are the likeliest sources of future global pollution. They are unlikely to throttle back their industrial plans in order to protect the environment, as some in the US and Europe have suggested. That would raise their costs and erase their comparative advantage. Arguments in Kyoto at the December, 1997 Summit on Global Climate Change vividly illustrated the political tensions wrought by globalization, as has the abrogation of the Kyoto accords by the US administration recently The â€Å"invisible hand† of the market is acceptable to most people only if the losers from market forces are compensated by the winners. A central function of government has been to assist in this transfer by elping the losers to adjust to change – usually by means of unemployment compensation, severance payments, and adjustment assistance. In essence, governments have used their fiscal powers to insulate domestic groups from excessive market risks, particularly those originating in international transactions. This is the way governments have maintained domestic political support for liberalizing trade and finance throughout the post-war period. But recently, the idea of giving support to the losers has come under withering attack. Employers no longer grant job security, partly for competitive reasons and also because they are more mobile and less dependent on the goodwill of local work forces. Governments are less able to help the losers because the slightest hint of raising taxes leads to capital flight in a world of heightened financial mobility. Moreover, the ideological onslaught against the welfare state has paralyzed many governments and made them unable to respond to the domestic needs of a more internationally competitive economy. Accordingly, at the very time increased integration into the world economy has raised the need of governments to redistribute tax revenues or implement generous social programs in order to protect the vast majority of the population that remains internationally immobile, governments find themselves less able to raise taxes. The heightened mobility of financial capital has led to competition among nations to attract foreign investment, and a key tool of competition is to offer a relatively low-tax environment. Tax competition, in turn, threatens to undermine the individual and corporate income taxes. The US and other affluent countries have responded, first, by shifting the tax burden from (mobile) capital to (less mobile) labor second, when further increased taxation of labor becomes politically and economically difficult, by cutting the social safety net. This is bound to jeopardize social stability. Even governments with significant budget surpluses, like the United States until the aftermath of September 11, seem unwilling to protect the weak against the cruelties of the market. Dealing with Globalizing world threats and injustice In a world in which market forces are subject to no overall constraint or regulation, justice and peace are continually at risk. Unregulated capitalism degrades the environment and kindles conflict over natural resources. It enriches the educated elites and owners of capital, often at the expense of less able and less mobile populations. By promoting minimal government intervention in the economy, it neglects those in greatest need. And in expanding parts of the world, it locks nation-states into competition not only for markets but for survival. The global market as it is presently organized forces nations to become rivals for resources while creating weak methods for conserving them. History confirms that free markets are inherently volatile institutions, prone to speculative booms and busts. Overshooting, especially in financial markets, is their normal condition. The recent Implosion of the tech stock bubble is just the latest example. To work well, free markets need not only regulation, but active management. During much of the post-war era, world markets were kept stable by national governments and by a regime of international cooperation. Only lately has a much earlier Idea been revived and made into an orthodoxy that provided there are clear and well-enforced rules of the game, free markets can be self-regulating because they embody the rational expectations that participants form about the future. On the contrary, since markets are themselves shaped by human expectations, their behavior cannot be rationally predicted. The forces that drive markets are not mechanical processes of cause and effect, as assumed in most of economic theory. They are what George Soros has termed â€Å"reflexive interactions. Because markets are governed by highly combustible interactions among beliefs, they cannot be self-regulating. Thoughtful people have a right to be alarmed by the evidence that freer markets are unstable and that all people are not prospering from their spread. Whole communities, whole regions, whole nations are being marginalized by the inexorable forces of change brought on by economic integration. Poverty is rising , almost everywhere. Yet the power of governments to alleviate the suffering of those who are losing out is slipping away from them. Evidence of this is that an appropriate balance is not being struck between the economic and non-economic aspirations of human beings and their communities. Indeed, the evidence is mounting that globalization’s trajectory can easily lead to social disintegration – to the splitting apart of nations along lines of economic status, mobility, region, or social norms. Globalization not only exacerbates tensions among groups; it also reduces the willingness of internationally mobile groups to cooperate with others in resolving disagreements and conflicts. What, then, can be done to share the benefits of globalization more widely and to ameliorate its social consequences? The answer to this question is not to disengage altogether from the processes of globalization. That would be foolish as well as impossible. Many of the underlying changes that have occurred in the global economy are now irreversible. Rather, the question is how to engineer a new balance between market and society a balance that will require greater human control over the processes of change and the sharing of its fruit. The following recommendations are meant to help strike such a balance. They do not conform precisely to proposals generated by either the human development consensus or the people-centered consensus, yet they draw from both groups. Nor do they represent a comprehensive blueprint for reform, which surely would include far more radical changes in the institutions of business, government and daily living than proposed here. Things that governments should do * Reform begins with a rehabilitation of the modern state In Liberia, Albania, Afghanistan, Tajikstan, Colombia, Siberia, Chechnya, and Somalia, the threat to peace and economic progress does not come from tyrannous or expansionist states. It comes from the absence of effective government of any kind. The Washington consensus neglects the many ways unregulated world markets threaten cohesion of society and stability in governments. The World Bank’s recent repudiation of the dogma of minimal government is welcome; but it falls far short of the need to provide the institutions necessary to assure security from destitution, unemployment and exclusion. Develop a regulatory framework for coexistence and cooperation among the world’s diverse economies As it is presently organized, global capitalism is supremely ill-suited to cope with the risks of geo-political conflict that are endemic in a world of worsening scarcities. If today’s laissez-faire regime is not reformed, it is likely to fracture and fragment as mounting scarcities of resources and conflicts of interest among the world’s great powers make international cooperation even more difficult. Free markets are creatures of strong governments and cannot exist very long without them. More efficient and generous systems of social insurance They would allow losers to secure more of the benefits of international economic integration and suffer less of its social costs. Indeed, the social welfare state is the flip side of the open economy; the more exposed is the economy to external shocks, the more certainly it will need a generous system of income transfers. Any movement towards freer trade and capital movements should be accompanied by more generous adjustment assistance policies, including unemployment benefits and retraining and relocation subsidies. Taxation of footloose capital movements Generous and appropriate systems of social insurance must be financed in some way. If national sources of taxation are no longer adequate to this task, then it may well be time to consider taxation of footloose factors at the global level, with revenue sharing among nations. The most radical reform would involve outright restrictions on speculative capital transfers, with all their potential for abuse and corruption. A more moderate reform might include measures designed to regulate the timing of capital transfers or ones that increase the cost of speculative transactions. Similarly, a uniform tax might be imposed on inter-currency transactions, e. g. , the â€Å"Tobin Tax. â€Å"6 More exchange of information among tax authorities would be another step in the right direction. Better still; an international convention to restrict the ability of transnational firms to avoid taxation should be negotiated. * Global safeguards A new system of global safeguards also is required to accommodate important differences in the social, political and cultural preferences of nations. Multilateral institutions like the WTO should permit selective disengagement from the discipline of multilateral treaties, under well-specified contingencies, when countries need breathing room to satisfy domestic requirements that are in conflict with trade policies, eg, to assist labor reallocation or to protect the environment. Similar provisions should be made in treaties governing foreign direct and portfolio investment. Reform IMF and World Bank conditional lending policies These multilateral agencies should replace bankrupt structural adjustment efforts with policies and programs that more adequately meet the needs of the poor and promote sustainable, participatory, and equitable development. Among the conditions that should be included in loan agreements are: 1. reduction of inappropriate levels of military spending 2. preservat ion of spending on basic needs, including education and health care 3. ssurance of a safety net for those most severely affected by adjustment policies 4. prevention of adverse environmental effects such as 5. deforestation and soil degradation 6. a system for monitoring and correcting (as may be necessary) the effects of adjustment policies These agencies also must be more accountable to the people affected by their policies and projects through increased transparency, greater access to information, and greater participation in the development of projects, programs, and policies. How to cite Globalization, Essay examples Globalization Free Essays †¢Globalization is the process by which different societies, cultures, and regional economies integrate through a worldwide network of political ideas through transportation, communication, and trade. Generally, globalization has affected many nations in various ways; economically, politically, and socially. It is a term that refers to the fast integration and interdependence of various nations, which shapes the world affairs on a global level. We will write a custom essay sample on Globalization or any similar topic only for you Order Now Globalization has affected the products people consume, the environment, culture, security, and idea exchange between different countries. There are many factors that lead to the speedy globalization trends. This acceleration in globalization can be attributed to an increase in free-trade activities, emerging technologies, or the worldwide acceptance of markets. Globalization has affected cultures and economies on matters dealing with environmental destruction and availability of the already limited resources. Globalization has had diverse implications for environmental issues such as, pollution, deforestation, water resources climate change, and biodiversity loss. The rampant environmental problems have become the subject of international efforts because the effects are felt globally. The negative impacts of globalization focus on the destruction on the environment that is export-oriented. On the other hand, the positive impacts are the multinational company’s research into technology that is eco-friendly and an increase in environmental awareness. A major impact of globalization on the environment is that, there is an improvement on the use of resources and the awareness of environment degradation. Due to issues dealing with globalization, a lot of research is being carried out on progressing greener technology, which will replace current ones that harm the environment. Globalization has also helped in the improvement of resources to save the environment by the promotion of growth through improvement of incomes and education. For example, the World Bank aided Mexico in reducing unhealthy ozone days during the 1990s. Moreover, multinational companies are on the forefront creating technologies that will reduce their adverse effects on the environment. For example, hybrid cars are being developed that will economize fuel, as well as, lower gaseous emissions to the environment. Apple is also aim at manufacturing products that are eco-friendly. Unfortunately, the negative impacts of globalization have outweighed the positive effects. On a global level, natural resources are being overused. This is because there has been a rise in demand and ecosystem removal, as a result of population growth. The need for disposable products has caused logging to be on the increase, which result into extensive deforestation. About half of the indigenous forests that covered the earth in the past have been depleted. Deforestation is on the increase year by year. Moreover, over-fishing is also becoming a global problem. A study by the United Nations reveals that commercial species of fish have been over-exploited. Globalization has also affected negatively the environment through global warming. This is as a result of greenhouse gas emissions caused by rapid industrialization in the developing world, and a heavy dependence on fossil fuels. The average global temperatures have increased tremendously over the past years. In addition, the transport sector and gases from factories have immensely contributed to global warming. Globalization has been a scientific debate concerning structural change in the earth’s ecology; it has in the past become a controversy. There has been linkage between environmental decay, trade and support, government, and globalization. Activities that are required for industry and trade use a lot of energy resources. The misuse of these resources causes air pollution, acid rain or global warming How to cite Globalization, Papers